![]() Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 26:26–27 Njegovan M, Hilhorst B, Ferguson S, Weisman R (1994) A motor-driven feeder for operant training in song birds. Kyle SC, Freeberg TM (2016) Do Carolina chickadees ( Poecile carolinensis) and tufted titmice ( Baeolophus bicolor) attend to the head or body orientation of a perched avian predator? J Comp Psychol 130:145 Griffiths R, Double MC, Orr K, Dawson RJ (1998) A DNA test to sex most birds. Anim Cogn 18:1155–1164Ĭourter JR, Ritchison G (2010) Alarm calls of tufted titmice convey information about predator size and threat. Avian Conserv Ecol 8:3īook DL, Freeberg TM (2015) Titmouse calling and foraging are affected by head and body orientation of cat predator models and possible experience with real cats. Am Midl Nat 147:72–80īlancher P (2013) Estimated number of birds killed by house cats ( Felis catus) in Canada. PLoS One 6:e23844īayne EM, Hobson KA (2002) Effects of red squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) removal on survival of artificial songbird nests in boreal forest fragments. Behav Brain Res 165:247–253Īvey MT, Hoeschele M, Moscicki MK, Bloomfield LL, Sturdy CB (2011) Neural correlates of threat perception: neural equivalence of conspecific and heterospecific mobbing calls is learned. However, mid-sized Cooper’s hawks and northern hawk owls were not significantly differentially responded to, suggesting that they are of medium threat which supports the notion that perception of threat is along a continuum rather than distinct categories of high or low threat.Īvey MT, Phillmore LS, MacDougall-Shackleton SA (2005) Immediate early gene expression following exposure to acoustic and visual components of courtship in zebra finches. Specifically, transfer test results suggest that mid-sized broad-winged hawks were perceived to be of high threat whereas mid-sized short-eared owls were perceived to be of low threat. We further investigated how chickadees categorize mid-sized species’ calls by assessing transfer of training to previously non-differentially reinforced (i.e., pretraining) calls. We confirmed that chickadees can discriminate between high- and low-threat predator calls. We then tested transfer of training with additional small and large predator calls, as well as with the calls of several mid-sized predators. ![]() When either low-threat predator calls were not reinforced or high-threat predator calls were not reinforced the birds were to withhold responding (‘no-go’) to those stimuli. Black-capped chickadees were either trained to respond (‘go’) to high-threat predator calls or respond to low-threat predator calls. After obtaining eight hawk and eight owl species’ calls, we assigned each species as: (1) large, low-threat, (2) mid-sized, unknown-threat and (3) small-, high-threat predators, according to wingspan and body size. In the current study, we conducted an operant go/no-go experiment investigating black-capped chickadees’ acoustic discrimination of predator threat. We propose that there may be a continuum in threat perception. The current literature focuses only on high- and low-threat predators. ![]() Kite Dimensions: 58"L including streamers x 56"W x 5.Smaller owls and hawks are high-threat predators to small songbirds, like chickadees, in comparison to larger avian predators due to smaller raptors’ agility (Templeton et al. Kit Contents: 1 kite, 1 fiberglass telescoping pole, 1 ground post, 1 ground disc, nylon line Enhance your yard and keep specific birds out of it with this Hawk Kite with Pole and Line. A ground post aids in securing this pole into soil, allowing you to display the bird at a wonderful height, ensuring it moves in the wind for dimension and realism. Fiberglass rods insert into the hawk, offering strength and retaining its form, and the included line makes it simple to connect to its telescoping pole. Neon green streamers and reflective fabric on the edges of the bird lend even more dimension to the unit, and further deter small birds from frequenting an area. Outstretched wings and a wide tail create a familiar, hawk silhouette, enhanced by feather shaped details within this nylon kite. ![]() ![]() This robust kite and pole bundle brings a realistic bird of prey into your yard, easily and naturally repelling other birds from the area. Esschert Design Hawk Kite w/ Pole and Line, 56" WingspanDiscourage unwanted birds from roosting or visiting your dock or yard with this Esschert Design Hawk Kite with Pole and Line. ![]()
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